• formation and exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure rocks in the Scandinavian Caledonides and New Guinea
• exhumation of diamond-bearing regional metamorphic rocks in Kazakhstan
• Evolution of the central Tibetan plateau and the Pamir Mountains of central Asia
• formation of continental crust through island arc dynamics in the Talkeetna & Chugach Mountains of Alaska
• formation and exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure rocks in eastern China
• ophiolite emplacement in Oman, the Sierra Nevada, and the Klamath Mountains
• seismic anisotropy of the lower crust.

• Monazite as a petrochronometer
• Electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD)
• Laser ablation multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA MC ICP MS)
• Calculation of rock physical properties. Excel macro for calculating physical properties of rocks & minerals from Hacker & Abers [2004] G-cubed available here.

• interplay between rheology and metamorphism that produces inverted metamorphic field gradients
• rate of eclogite formation in subduction zones
• genesis and exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure rocks in subduction zones
• phase transformations
• intermediate-depth earthquakes
• rheology, anisotropy and phase changes in the lower crust
• physical properties of rocks in subduction zones

• Cameca SX50 Electron Microprobe: 5 wavelength-dispersive spectrometers and an energy-dispersive spectrometer
  
• FEI Q400 FEG Scanning Electron Microscope with HKL Electron-Backscatter Diffraction Facility with infrared camera, back-scattered electron detector, cathodoluminescence (CL) detector, and energy-dispersive analyzer.
  
• Nu Instruments AttoM single-collector ICP: double-focusing forward-geometry mass spectrometer with laminated, fast-scanning magnet, fast-scanning ion optics, a Faraday collector and a discrete-dynode electron multiplier behind a retardation filter.
  
• Nu Instruments Plasma HR multi-collector ICP: double-focusing, forward-geometry mass spectrometer with 12 Faraday collectors and 4 discrete-dynode electron multipliers
  
• Photon Machines 193 nm excimer laser
  
• Photon Machines 198 nm femtosecond laser: 0.5 mJ at repetition rates of 1–10 Hz; energy density of 28 J/cm2 for a 30 µm spot.
  

Current graduate students

	Steven Arauza: Assessing Rates and Episodes of Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism Through Lu/Hf and Sm/Nd Geochronology
	Monica Erdman: Seismic Anisotropy of the Basin and Range Lower Crust
	Adam Ginsburg: UHP Tectonism of the Western Gneiss Region, U-Pb Geochronology
	Jen McGraw: Growth of the Pamir Lower Crust, Thermobarometry and Garnet Geochronology
	Katherine Spencer: Exhumation and Melting of the Western Gneiss Region, Titanite Geochronology and Thermometry

Former graduate students

	Emily Peterman (Ph.D. 2009): The Development and Use of Monazite and Garnet Geochronology with Application to Tectonic Processes, Keck Lab Manager, UC Santa Cruz. Peterman, E.M., Hacker, B.R., and Baxter, E.F., 2009. Phase transformations of continental crust during subduction and exhumation: Western Gneiss Region, Norway. European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 21, p. 1097–1118.
	Nicolas Barth (M.S. 2008): Strain within the Ultrahigh-Pressure Western Gneiss Region of Norway Recorded by Quartz LPOs, Ph.D. student, University of Otago. Barth, N.C., Hacker, B.R., Seward, G.G.E., Walsh, E.O., Young, D., and Johnston, S., 2010. Strain within the ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss region of Norway recorded by quartz CPOs. Geological Society of London Special Publication
	Andrew Kylander-Clark (Ph.D. 2008): Slow Subduction and Exhumation of a Thick Ultrahigh-Pressure Terrane: Western Gneiss Region, Norway, Development Engineer, UC Santa Barbara. Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Hacker, B.R., Johnson, C.M., Beard, B.L., Nancy J. Mahlen, N.J., and Lapen, T.J., 2007. Timing of multi-stage metamorphism during ultrahigh-pressure continental subduction and exhumation: Lu/Hf and Sm/Nd geochronology in western Norway. Chemical Geology , v. 242, p. 137-154. Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Hacker B.R., Mattinson, J.M., 2008, Slow exhumation of UHP terranes: Titanite and rutile ages of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 272, p. 531-540. Kylander-Clark A.R.C., Hacker, B.R., Johnson, C.M., Beard, B.L., and Mahlen, N.J., 2009, Slow subduction and rapid exhumation of a thick ultrahigh-pressure terrane, Tectonics v. 28, TC2003, doi:10.1029/2007TC002251
	Scott Johnston (Ph.D. 2006): Evolution of the Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment Zone and the Exhumation of Norwegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks. Professor, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. Johnston, S., Hacker, B.R., and Ducea, M.N., 2007. Exhuming Norwegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks: The role of the Nordfjord–Sogn Detachment Zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, 1232–1248. Johnston, S., Hacker, B.R., and Andersen, T.B., 2007. Exhuming Norwegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks: Overprinting extensional structures and the role of the Nordfjord–Sogn Detachment Zone. Tectonics, v. 26, TC5001, doi:10.1029/2005TC001933.
	Joshua Cole (M.S. 2006): Fault-Zone Deformation and Strain Partitioning at the Brittle-Ductile Transition, SEMP Fault, Austrian Alps. Outward Bound Coordinator, Washington State. Cole, J., Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L., Dolan, J.F., Seward, G., Frost, E., and Frank, W., 2007, Localized ductile shear below the seismogenic zone: Structural analysis of the exhumed SEMP strike-slip fault, Austrian Alps. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, doi:10.1029/2007JB004975.
	Matt Rioux (Ph.D. 2006): The Growth and Differentiation of Arc Crust: Temporal and Geochemical Evolution of the Accreted Talkeetna Arc, South-Central Alaska. Postdoctoral scholar, MIT Rioux, M., Hacker, B.R., Mattinson, J., Kelemen, P., Blusztajn, J., and Gehrels, G., 2007. The magmatic development of an intra-oceanic crustal section: High-precision U-Pb zircon and whole rock isotopic analyses from the accreted Talkeetna arc, south-central Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin v. 119, p. 1168–1184.
	Dave Young (Ph.D. 2005): Amphibolite to Ultrahigh-Pressure Transition in Western Norway. Lecturer, California State University, Fresno. Young, D.J., B.R. Hacker, T.B. Andersen, F. Corfu, G.E. Gehrels, and M. Grove, 2007. Amphibolite to ultrahigh-pressure transition in western Norway: Implications for exhumation tectonics. Tectonics, v. 26, TC1007, doi:10.1029/2004TC001781.
	David Root (Ph.D. 2003): Zircon Geochronology of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites and exhumation of the Western Gneiss Region, southern Norway. Root, D.B., Hacker, B.R., Gans, P.B., Ducea, M.N., Eide, E.A., and Mosenfelder, J.L., 2005. Discrete ultrahigh-pressure domains in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway: Implications for formation and exhumation. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 23, p. 45-61. Root, D.B., Hacker, B.R., Mattinson, J.M., and Wooden, J.L., 2005, Zircon geochronology and ca. 400 Ma exhumation of Norwegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks: an ion microprobe and chemical abrasion study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 228, p. 325-341.
	Emily Walsh (Ph.D. 2003): Exhumation of the Ultrahigh-Pressure/High-Pressure Terrane of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Professor at Cornell College. Walsh, E.O., Hacker, B.R., Gans, P.G., Grove, M., and Gehrels, G., 2007. Timing the exhumation of (ultra)high-pressure rocks across the Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p. 289-301. Walsh, E.O., and Hacker, B.R., 2004., The Fate of Subducted Continental Margins: Two-Stage Exhumation of the High-Pressure to Ultrahigh-Pressure Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 22, p. 671-689.
	Luc Mehl (M.S. 2002): Arc-parallel flow within the mantle wedge: Evidence from the accreted Talkeetna arc, south central Alaska. Mehl, L., Hacker, B.R., Hirth, G., and Kelemen, P.B., 2003, Arc-parallel flow within the mantle wedge: Evidence from the accreted Talkeetna arc, south central Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 08(B8), 2375, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002233.

Postdoctoral Researchers

Current Extramural Grants

• National Science Foundation, Acquisition of an Electron Microprobe for UCSB Researchers and Educators
• National Science Foundation, Collaborative Research: Using Mineral Physics to Interpret Seismic Anisotropy of Basin & Range Crust
• National Science Foundation, Collaborative Research: EarthScope integrated investigation of Cascadia subduction zone tremor, structure and process
• National Science Foundation, Collaborative Research: How Is Rifting Exhuming the Youngest HP/UHP Rocks on Earth?
• National Science Foundation, Testing channel-flow models using mid-crustal rocks of North Himalayan gneiss domes
• National Science Foundation, Collaborative Research: Melt Extraction from UHP Metasediments: Evidence and Consequences
• National Science Foundation, How Does the Lower Crust Thicken and Grow During Continent Collisions? A Case Study of the Pamir
• National Science Foundation, The Dynamics of UHP Tectonism: Does the Western Gneiss Region Consist of Multiple (U)HP Blocks With Different Histories?

Expired Extramural Grants

• National Science Foundation, 2007-08, Acquisition, of a New Electron-Imaging Facility.
• National Science Foundation, 2006-07, Support for the Penrose Conference on Arc Crustal Genesis and Evolution; July 9-15, 2006; Valdez, Alaska
• National Science Foundation, 2005-08 The Assembly of UHP Terranes: Was the Western Gneiss Region, Built By Sequential or Repeated (Ultra)High-Pressure Events?
• National Science Foundation, 2003-06, Direct Observation, of Depth Variation, in Fault Zone Structure Through and Below the Seismogenic Crust
• National Science Foundation, 2002-05, Collaborative Research: Thermal, Petrological, and Seismological Study of Subduction, Zones
• National Science Foundation, 2001-05, Subduction, and Exhumation, of Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks: Field and Drilling Studies in Eastern China
• National Science Foundation, 2000-05, Geology, geochemistry, structure and physical properties of the Talkeetna arc crustal section, south central Alaska
• National Science Foundation, 1999-02, Exhumation, of ultrahigh-pressure rocks in the Scandinavian Caledonides
• National Science Foundation, 1998-01, Collaborative Research: The Thermal, Petrological and Seismological Structure of Subducting Oceanic Lithosphere
• National Science Foundation, 1998-00, Collaborative Research: Petrotectonic Study of Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks from the Kokchetav Massif, Northern Kazakhstan, and the Maksyutov Complex, South Ural Mountains, Russia
• National Science Foundation, 1998-99, Collaborative Research: Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle Beneath the Tibetan Plateau Interior.
• National Science Foundation, 1995-98, Exhumation, of Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks in the Dabie Mountains, Central China.
• Department of Energy, 1993-96, Experimental Investigation, of Kinetics and Rheology During Diagenesis.
• Petroleum Research Foundation, 1993-95, Experimental Investigation, of Kinetics and Rheology During Diagenesis.
• National Science Foundation, 1992-96, Formation, of the Sole of the Oman Ophiolite.

Teaching

• Geological Sciences 2: Physical Geology
  
• Geological Sciences 6: Mountains, Boots & Backpacks
  
• Geological Sciences 102C: Metamorphic Petrology
  
• Geological Sciences 104B: Field Methods
  
• Geological Sciences 114A: Geomaterials I
  
• Geological Sciences 124T: Thermodynamics
  
• Geological Sciences 134: Statistical and Mathematical Treatment of Geological Data
  
• Geological Sciences 155/264: Metamorphism and Orogeny
  
• Geological Sciences 152/265: Analytical Techniques in Earth and Material Science

Honors

• 2010 Fellow, American Geophysical Union
• 2001 Fellow, Mineralogical Society of America
• 2001 Fellow, Geological Society of America
• 2001, 2003 Muckers Coterie Professor of the Year
• 1997 Fellow, Cave Research Foundation

Publications

Ultrahigh-Pressure Tectonics
Exhumation of orogen-scale coesite-, diamond-, and former-majorite bearing terranes that formed by subduction of continental crust to depths >100 km.

• General processes operative at ultrahigh pressure
  • Hacker, B.R., McClelland, W.C., and Liou, J.G., editors, 2006. Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphism: Deep Continental Subduction. Geological Society of America Special Paper 403, 206 pp.
  • 94. Hacker, B.R., 2006. Pressures and temperatures of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism: Implications for UHP tectonics and H2O in subducting slabs. International Geology Review, v. 48, p. 1053-1066.
  • 91. Ernst, W.G., Hacker, B.R., and Liou, J.G., 2007. Petrotectonics-geochronology of ultrahigh-pressure crustal and upper mantle rocks–Implications for Phanerozoic orogeny. Geological Society of America Special Paper v. 433, p. 27-49.
  • 71. Liou, J.G., Hacker, B.R., and Zhang, R.Y., 2002, Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism in the forbidden zone. in Parkinson, C.D. et al., (ed), Diamond-bearing Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Terrane: the Kokchetav Massif of northern Kazakhstan, University Academic Press. pp. 443-446.
  • 50. Searle, M., Hacker, B.R., Bilham, R., 2001. The Hindu Kush seismic zone as a paradigm for the creation of ultrahigh-pressure diamond and coesite-bearing rocks. Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 143-154.
  • 48. Liou, J.G., Hacker, B.R., and Zhang, R.Y., 2000. Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism in the forbidden zone. Science, v. 287, p. 1215-1216.
  • Hacker, B.R., and Liou, J.G., editors, 1998. When Continents Collide: Geodynamics and Geochemistry of Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 323 pp. Reviewed in Episodes v. 22 p. 317-318.
  • 38. Grasemann, B., L. Ratschbacher, and B.R. Hacker., 1998. Exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure rocks: thermal boundary conditions and cooling history. in When Continents Collide: Geodynamics and Geochemistry of Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks, edited by B.R. Hacker and J.G. Liou, Kluwer, Amsterdam, p. 117-139.
  • 33. Hacker, B.R., Sharp, T., Zhang, R.Y., Liou, J.G., Hervig, R.L., 1997, Determining the origin of ultrahigh-pressure lherzolites. Science, v. 278, p. 702-704.
  • 19. Hacker, B.R., and Peacock, S.M., 1994, Creation, preservation, and exhumation of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks: in Coleman, R.G., and Wang, X., eds., Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism: Cambridge University Press, p. 159-181.
  • 21. Ernst, W.G., Liou, J.G., and Hacker, B.R., 1994, Petrotectonic significance of high- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belts: inferences for subduction zone histories. International Geology Review, v. 36, pp. 213-237.

• Norwegian giant ultrahigh-pressure terrane
  
  • 124. Peterman, E.M., Hacker, B.R., and Baxter, E.F., 2009. Phase transformations of continental crust during subduction and exhumation: Western Gneiss Region, Norway. European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 21, p. 1097–1118.
  • 121. Hacker, B.R., Andersen T.B., Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Johnston, S., Peterman, E., Walsh, E.O., and Young, D., 2010. High-temperature deformation during continental-margin subduction and exhumation: The ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss Region of Norway. Tectonphysics v. 480, p. 149-171.
  • 119. Barth, N.C., Hacker, B.R., Seward, G.G.E., Walsh, E.O., Young, D., and Johnston, S., 2010. Strain within the ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss region of Norway recorded by quartz CPOs. Geological Society of London Special Publication
  • 105. Kylander-Clark A.R.C., Hacker, B.R., Johnson, C.M., Beard, B.L., and Mahlen, N.J., 2009, Slow subduction and rapid exhumation of a thick ultrahigh-pressure terrane, Tectonics v. 28, TC2003, doi:10.1029/2007TC002251
  • 104. Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Hacker B.R., Mattinson, J.M., 2008, Slow exhumation of UHP terranes: Titanite and rutile ages of the Western Gneiss Region, Norway, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 272, p. 531-540.
  • 101. Johnston, S., Hacker, B.R., and Ducea, M.N., 2007. Exhuming Norwegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks: The role of the Nordfjord–Sogn Detachment Zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, 1232–1248.
  • 98. Kylander-Clark, A.R.C., Hacker, B.R., Johnson, C.M., Beard, B.L., Nancy J. Mahlen, N.J., and Lapen, T.J., 2007. Timing of multi-stage metamorphism during ultrahigh-pressure continental subduction and exhumation: Lu/Hf and Sm/Nd geochronology in western Norway. Chemical Geology , v. 242, p. 137-154.
  • 96. Johnston, S., Hacker, B.R., and Andersen, T.B., 2007. Exhuming Norwegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks: Overprinting extensional structures and the role of the Nordfjord–Sogn Detachment Zone. Tectonics, v. 26, TC5001, doi:10.1029/2005TC001933.
  • 90. Hacker, B.R., 2007. Ascent of the ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Geological Society of America Special Paper v. 419, p. 171-184.
  • 86. Young, D.J., B.R. Hacker, T.B. Andersen, F. Corfu, G.E. Gehrels, and M. Grove, 2007. Amphibolite to ultrahigh-pressure transition in western Norway: Implications for exhumation tectonics. Tectonics, v. 26, TC1007, doi:10.1029/2004TC001781.
  • 85. Walsh, E.O., Hacker, B.R., Gans, P.G., Grove, M., and Gehrels, G., 2007. Timing the exhumation of (ultra)high-pressure rocks across the Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p. 289-301.
  • 84. Root, D.B., Hacker, B.R., Gans, P.B., Ducea, M.N., Eide, E.A., and Mosenfelder, J.L., 2005. Discrete ultrahigh-pressure domains in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway: Implications for formation and exhumation. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 23, p. 45-61.
  • 82. Hacker, B.R., and Gans, P.B., 2005. Continental collisions and the creation of ultrahigh-pressure terranes: petrology and thermochronology of nappes in the central Scandinavian Caledonides. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 117-134.
  • 77. Walsh, E.O., and Hacker, B.R., 2004., The Fate of Subducted Continental Margins: Two-Stage Exhumation of the High-Pressure to Ultrahigh-Pressure Western Gneiss Region, Norway. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 22, p. 671-689.
  • 70. Root, D.B., Hacker, B.R., Mattinson, J.M., and Wooden, J.L., 2005, Zircon geochronology and ca. 400 Ma exhumation of Norwegian ultrahigh-pressure rocks: an ion microprobe and chemical abrasion study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 228, p. 325-341.
  • 63. Hacker, B.R., Andersen, T.B., Root, D.B., Mehl, L., Mattinson, J.M., and Wooden, J.L., 2003. Exhumation of high-pressure rocks beneath the Solund Basin, Western Gneiss Region of Norway. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 21, p. 613-629.

• Kokchetav diamond-bearing terrane in Kazakhstan
  • 62. Hacker, B.R., Calvert, A.T., Zhang, R.Y., Ernst, W.G., and Liou, J.G., 2002, Ar/Ar geochronology of diamond-bearing metasedimentary rocks from the Kokchetav massif. in Parkinson, C.D. et al., (ed), Diamond-bearing Ultrahigh-Pressure Metamorphic Terrane: the Kokchetav Massif of northern Kazakhstan, University Academic Press. pp. 397-412.
  • 58. Hacker, B.R., Calvert, A.T., Zhang, R.Y., Ernst, W.G., and Liou, J.G., 2003. Ultra-rapid exhumation of ultrahigh pressure diamond-bearing metasedimentary rocks of the Kokchetav Massif. Lithos. v. 70, p. 61-75.

• Eastern China giant ultrahigh-pressure terrane & related studies
  
  • 126. Hacker, B.R., Wallis, S.R., McWilliams, M.O., and Gans, P.B., 2009. 40Ar/39Ar Constraints on the Tectonic History and Architecture of the Ultrahigh-Pressure Sulu Orogen, Journal of Metamorphic Geology. v. 27, doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.2009.00840.x.
  • 93. Hacker, B. R., S. R. Wallis, L. Ratschbacher, M. Grove, and G. Gehrels, 2006). High-temperature geochronology constraints on the tectonic history and architecture of the ultrahigh-pressure Dabie-Sulu Orogen, Tectonics, 25, TC5006, doi:10.1029/2005TC001937.
  • 92. Ratschbacher, L., Franz, L., Enkelmann, E., Jonckheere, R., Porschke, A., Hacker, B.R., Dong, S., and Zhang, Y., 2007. The Sino-Korean-Yangtze suture, the Huwan detachment, and the Paleozoic-Tertiary exhumation of (ultra)high-pressure rocks along the Tongbai-Xinxian-Dabie. Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 403, p. 45-75.
  • 79. Klemd, R., Broecker, M., Hacker, B.R., Gao, J. and Wemmer, K., 2005. New age constraints on the metamorphic evolution of the high-pressure/low-temperature belt in the western Tianshan Mountains, NW China. Journal of Geology, v. 113, p. 157-168.
  • 68. Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L., and Liou, 2004. Subduction, collision, and exhumation in the Qinling-Dabie Orogen. Geological Society of London Special Publication, v. 226, p. 157-175.
  • 65. Ratschbacher, L., Hacker, B.R., Calvert, A., Webb, L.E., Grimmer, J.C., McWilliams, M., Ireland, T.R., Dong, S. and Hu, J., 2003, Tectonics of the Qinling (central China): Tectonostratigraphy, geochronology, and deformation history. Tectonophysics, v. 366, p. 1-53.
  • 64. Grimmer, J.C., Ratschbacher, L., Franz, L., Gaitzsch, I, Tichomirowa, M., McWilliams, M., Hacker, B.R., and Zhang, Y., 2003. When did the ultrahigh-pressure rocks reach the surface? A 207Pb/206Pb zircon, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar white mica, Si-in-phengite single grain study of Dabie Shan synorogenic foreland sedimentation. Chemical Geology, v. 197, p. 87-110.
  • 61. Grimmer, J.C., Jonckheere, R., Enkelmann, E., Ratschbacher, L., Hacker, B.R., Blythe, A.E., Wagner, G.A., Wu, Q., Liu, S., and Dong, S., 2002. Cretaceous - Cenozoic history of the southern Tan-Lu fault zone: Apatite fission-track and structural constraints from the Dabie Shan (eastern China). Tectonophysics, v. 359, p. 225-253.
  • 52. Webb, L.E., Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L., Dong, S., 2001. Mesozoic tectonics of Hong'an and Tongbai Shan of the Qinling-Dabie orogen: implications for the exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure rocks. Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 194, p. 231-245.
  • 47. Ratschbacher, L., Hacker, B.R., Calvert, A., Webb, L.E., Ireland, T.R., McWilliams, M.O., Dong, S., Wenk, H.-R., and Chateigner, D., 2000. Exhumation of the ultrahigh-pressure continental crust in east-central China: Cretaceous and Cenozoic unroofing and the Tan-Lu Fault. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 13303-13338. Supplementary Data Tables
  • 46. Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L., Webb, L.E., McWilliams, M., Calvert, A., Dong, S., Wenk, H.-R., and Chateigner, D., 2000. Exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure rocks in east-central China: Late Triassic-Early Jurassic tectonic unroofing. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 105, p. 13339-13364. Supplementary Data Tables NOTE: Inset to Figure 4 should read "Lineation, with sense of shear", NOT "Lineation with down-plunge arrow"!
  • 44. Wang, C.Y., Zeng, R.S., Mooney, W.D., Hacker, B.R., 2000, A crustal model of the ultra-high pressure (27 kb) Dabie Shan orogenic belt derived from deep seismic reflection profiling. Journal of Geophysical Research., v. 105, p. 10857-10869.
  • 43. Schmid, J.C., L. Ratschbacher, B.R. Hacker, I. Gaitzsch, and S. Dong, 1999. How did the foreland react? Yangtze foreland fold-thrust belt deformation related to exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultrahigh-pressure continental crust (eastern China), Terra Nova, v. 11, p. 266-272.
  • 42. Webb, L.E., Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L., Dong, S., 1999. Thermochronologic constraints on deformation and cooling history of high and ultrahigh-pressure rocks in the Qinling-Dabie orogen, eastern China. Tectonics, v. 18, p. 621-638.
  • 39. Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L., Webb, L., Ireland, T., Walker, D., Dong, S., 1998. U/Pb zircon ages constrain the architecture of the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling-Dabie Orogen, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 161, p. 215-230. Supplementary Data Tables
  • 36. Zhai, X., Day, H.W., Hacker, B.R., and You, Z., 1998, Paleozoic metamorphism in the Qinling orogenic belt, Tongbai Mountains, central China. Geology, v. 26, p. 371-374.
  • 26. Hacker, B.R., Wang, X., Eide, E.A., and Ratschbacher, L. 1996, Qinling-Dabie ultrahigh-pressure collisional orogen. In The Tectonics of Asia, edited by An Yin and T.M. Harrison, pp. 345-370.
  • 25. Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L., Webb, L., and Dong Shuwen, 1995, What brought them up? Exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultrahigh-pressure rocks. Geology, v. 23, pp. 743-746.
  • 24. Hacker, B.R., and Wang, Q., 1995, Ar/Ar Geochronology of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in central China. Tectonics, v. 14, pp. 994-1006. Supplementary Data Tables
  • 28. Dong Shuwen, Ratschbacher, L., Hacker, B.R., and Webb, L., 1995, Exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultrahigh-pressure rocks. Die Geowissenschaften--Contributions in Earth Sciences, v. 14, pp. 42-43.

  ---

  Phase Transformations and Rheology
  Rates and mechanisms of simple geological phase transformations and mechanical behavior of rocks.
  

  • 118. Frost, E.K., Dolan, J.F., Sammis, C., Ratschbacher, Hacker, B.R., and Cole, J., in 2009. Progressive strain localization in a major strike-slip fault exhumed from mid-seismogenic depths: Structural observations from the SEMP fault system, Austria. Journal of Geophysical Research v. 114, B04406, doi:10.1029/2008JB005763
  • 100. Cole, J., Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L., Dolan, J.F., Seward, G., Frost, E., and Frank, W., 2007, Localized ductile shear below the seismogenic zone: Structural analysis of the exhumed SEMP strike-slip fault, Austrian Alps. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 112, doi:10.1029/2007JB004975.
  • 83. Hacker, B.R., Rubie, D.C., Kirby, S.H., and Bohlen, S.R., 2005. Calcite --> aragonite transformation in marble: A comprehensive study of an archetypal polymorphic phase transformation. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, doi:10.1029/2004JB003302. NOTE: There is a sign error in the equation on page 6, which should read "P = 2.4E-6 (T-298)² + 7.4E-4 (T-298) + 0.299"! (Thanks to Prof De Visscher, University of Calgary for spotting this one.)
  • 34. Hacker, B.R., 1997, Diagenesis and the fault-valve seismicity of crustal faults. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 24,459-24,467.
  • 32. Jove, C., and Hacker, B.R. 1997, Experimental investigation of laumontite - wairakite + H2O: A model diagenetic reaction. American Mineralogist, v. 82, p. 781-789.
  • 18. Hacker, B.R., and Kirby, S.H., 1993, High-pressure deformation of calcite marble and its transformation to aragonite under non-hydrostatic conditions. Journal of Structural Geology, v. 15, p. 1207-1222.
  • 14. Hacker, B.R., Kirby, S.H., and Bohlen, S.R., 1992, Time and metamorphic petrology: the calcite -> aragonite transformation. Science, v. 258, p. 110-113.
  • 11. Hacker, B.R., and Christie, J.M., 1992, Experimental deformation of a glassy basalt: Tectonophysics, v. 200, p. 79-96.
  • 8. Hacker, B.R., and Christie, J.M., 1991, Observational evidence for a possible new diffusion path:. Science, v. 251, p. 67-70.
  • 7. Hacker, B.R., 1990, Amphibolite-facies to granulite-facies reactions in experimentally deformed unpowdered amphibolite: American Mineralogist, v. 75, p. 1349-1361.
  • 2. Hacker, B.R., and Christie, J.M., 1990, Brittle/ductile and plastic/cataclastic transitions in experimentally deformed and metamorphosed amphibolite. AGU Monograph 56, p. 127-147.

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  Subduction Zones: Physical properties, seismicity, and seismic anisotropy
  Phase transformations, deformation, fluid flow, and intermediate-depth seismicity in subduction zones.
  
  Calculated deviation in P-wave speed for the Cascadia subduction zone
  

  • 120. Kimura, J.I., Hacker, B.R., van Keken, P., Kawabata, H., Yoshida, T., and Stern, R.J., 2009. Arc Basalt Simulator (ABS) ver.2, a simulation for slab dehydration and fluid-fluxed mantle melting for arc basalts: modeling scheme and application. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 10, Q09004, doi:10.1029/2008GC002217.
  • 103. Hacker, B.R., 2008. H2O subduction beneath arcs, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 9, doi:10.1029/2007GC001707. Figure 12 is partially incorrect; here is a corrected version.
  • 99. Brudzinski, M.R., Thurber, C.H., Hacker, B.R., and Engdahl, E.R., 2007. Global prevalence of double Benioff zones related to plate age and antigorite dehydration. Science, v. 316, p. 1472-1474.
  • 88. Hacker, B.R., Abers, G.A., Peacock, S.M., and Johnston, S., 2005. Reply to comment by Romain Bousquet et al. on “Subduction Factory 1. Theoretical mineralogy, densities, seismic wave speeds, and H2O contents. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 110, doi: 10.1029/2004JB003490.
  • 81. Peacock, S.M., van Keken, P.E., Holloway, S.D., Hacker, B.R., Abers, G.A., and Fergason, R.L., 2005, Thermal structure of the Costa Rica-Nicaragua subduction zone. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 149, p. 187-200.
  • 80. Hacker, B.R., and Abers, G.A., 2004, Subduction Factory 3. An Excel Worksheet and Macro for Calculating the Densities, Seismic Wave Speeds, and H2O Contents of Minerals and Rocks at Pressure and Temperature. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, doi: 10.1029/2003GC000614. Excel macro available here.
  • 74. Mehl, L., Hacker, B.R., Hirth, G., and Kelemen, P.B., 2003, Arc-parallel flow within the mantle wedge: Evidence from the accreted Talkeetna arc, south central Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 08(B8), 2375, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002233.
  • 69. Abers, G.A., Plank, T., and Hacker, B.R., 2003, The wet Nicaraguan slab.Geophysical Research Letters, 30(2), 1098, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015649.
  • 67. Kelemen, P.B., Parmentier, E.M., Rilling, J., Mehl, L., and Hacker, B.R., 2003, Thermal convection in the mantle wedge beneath subduction-related magmatic arcs.American Geophysical Union Monograph, v. 138, p. 293-311.
  • 66. Husen, S., Quintero, R., Kissling, E., Hacker, B.R., 2003, Subduction zone structure and magmatic processes beneath Costa Rica as constrained by local earthquake tomography and petrologic modeling. Geophysical Journal International, v. 155, p. 11-32.
  • 60. Hacker, B.R., Peacock, S.M., Abers, G.A., and Holloway, S., 2003, Subduction Factory 2. Intermediate-depth earthquakes in subducting slabs are linked to metamorphic dehydration reactions. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, 10.1029/2001JB001129.
  • 59. Hacker, B.R., Abers, G.A., and Peacock, S.M., 2003, Subduction Factory 1. Theoretical mineralogy, densities, seismic wave speeds, and H2O contents. Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 108, 10.1029/2001JB001127.
  • 57. Hacker, B.R., Abers, G.A., and Peacock, S.M., 2002, Theoretical mineralogy, density, seismic wave speeds, and H2O content of the Cascadia subduction zone, with implications for intermediate-depth seismicity and earthquake hazard. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 02-328
  • 29. Hacker, B.R., 1996, Eclogite formation and the rheology, buoyancy, seismicity, and H2O content of oceanic crust, AGU Monograph, p. 337-346.

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  Timescales and Rates of Orogenic Events
  Rates of exhumation and timescales of orogenic processes.

  • Mountains of Central Asia
    Evolution of the Tibetan Plateau, Mongolia, Pamir, and Tian Shan.
    
    • 122. Langille, J., Lee, J., Hacker, B.R., and Seward, G., 2010. Middle crustal ductile deformation patterns in southern Tibet: insights from vorticity studies in Mabja Dome. Journal of Structural Geology, v. 32, p. 80-85.
    • 89. Enkelmann, E., Ratschbacher, L., Gloaguen, R., Nestler, R., Fleischer, M., Jonckheere, R., Hacker, B.R., and Zhang, Y.Q., 2007. Cenozoic exhumation and deformation of northeastern Tibet and the Qinling: Is Tibetan lower crustal flow diverging around the Sichuan Basin? Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 651-671.
    • 87. Robyr, M.,Hacker, B.R., and Mattinson, J.M., 2006. Doming in compressional orogenic settings: New geochronological constraints from the NW Himalaya. Tectonics, v. 25, TC2007, 10.1029/2004TC001774.
    • 76. Hacker, B.R., Luffi, P., Lutkov, V., Minaev, V.T., Ratschbacher, L.R., Patino-Douce, A.E., Ducea, M.N., McWilliams, M.O., and Metcalf, J., 2005. Near-Ultrahigh Pressure Processing of Continental Crust: Miocene Crustal Xenoliths from the Pamir. Journal of Petrology, v. 46, p. 1661-1687.
    • 73. Ducea, M.N., Lutkov, V., Minaev, V.T., Hacker, B.R., Ratschbacher, L.R., Luffi, P., Gehrels, G.E., Vervoort, J., McWilliams, M.O., and Metcalf, J., 2003. Building the Pamirs: The View From the Underside. Geology, v. 31, p. 849­852.
    • 72. Lee, J., Hacker, B.R., and Wang, Y., 2004. Evolution of the North Himalayan Gneiss Domes: Structure and metamorphic studies in Mabja Dome, southern Tibet. Journal of Structural Geology, v. 26, p. 2297-2316.
    • 56. Blisniuk, P.M., Hacker, B.R., Glodny, J., Ratschbacher, L., Wu, Z., Bi, S., McWilliams, M.O., and Calvert, A., 2001, Extension in central Tibet since at least 13.5 Myr. Nature, v. 412, p. 628-632.
    • 55. Graham, S.A., Hendrix, M.S., Johnson, C.L., Badamgarav, D., Badarch, G., Amory, J., Porter, M., Barsbold, R., Webb, L.E., and Hacker, B.R., 2001. Sedimentary record and tectonic implications of Mesozoic rifting in southeast Mongolia. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 1560-1579.
    • 53. Zhou, D., Graham, S.A., Chang, E.Z., Wang, B., and Hacker, B.R., 2001, Paleozoic tectonic amalgamation of the Chinese Tian Shan: Evidence from a transect along the Dushanzi-Kuqa Highway. Geological Society of America Memoir, v. 109, p. 23-46.
    • 49. Lee, J., Hacker, B.R., Dinklage, W.S., Gans, P.B., Calvert, A., Wang, Y., Wan, J., Chen, W., 2000. Evolution of the Kangmar Dome, southern Tibet: Structural, petrologic, and thermochronologic constraints. Tectonics, v. 19, p. 872-895.
    • 45. Hacker, B.R., Gnos, E., Ratschbacher, L., Grove, M., McWilliams, M.O., Sobolev, S.V., Wan, J., and Wu, Z., 2000. Hot and dry deep crustal xenoliths from Tibet. Science, v. 287, p. 2463-2466.
    
    
  • Ultrafast Ophiolite Emplacement in Oman
    Precise ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology, coupled with microstructural and metamorphic studies, documented that high-temperature intraoceanic thrusting of the archetypal, Tethyan-type Oman ophiolite began and ended within ~2 m.y. of the igneous crystallization of the ophiolite.
    
    • 51. El-Shazly, A.E., Broecker, M.S., Hacker, B.R., and Calvert, A.T., 2001, Formation and exhumation of blueschists and eclogites from NE Oman: New constraints from Rb-Sr and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 19. p. 233-248.
    • 35. Hacker, B.R., and Gnos, E., 1997, The conundrum of Samail: Explaining the metamorphic history. Tectonophysics, v. 279, p. 215-226.
    • 31. Hacker, B.R., Mosenfelder, J.L., and Gnos, E., 1996, Rapid emplacement of the Oman ophiolite: Thermal and geochronologic constraints. Tectonics, v. 15, pp. 1230-1247.
    • 30. Hacker, B.R., and Mosenfelder, J.L., 1996, Metamorphism and deformation along the emplacement thrust of the Samail ophiolite, Oman. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 155, pp. 435-451.
    • 37. Hacker, B.R., 1996, Metamorphic sole of the Samail ophiolite, Oman. in Fault Related Rocks--A Photographic Atlas, edited by A.W. Snoke, J.A. Tullis, and V.R. Todd, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., pp. 564-565.
    • 20. Hacker, B.R., 1994, Rapid emplacement of young oceanic lithosphere: Argon geochronology of the Oman ophiolite.Science, v. 265, p. 1563-1565.
    • 10. Hacker, B.R., 1991, The role of deformation in the formation of metamorphic field gradients: ridge subduction beneath the Oman ophiolite: Tectonics, v. 10, p. 455-473.
    • 5. Hacker, B.R., 1990, Simulation of the metamorphic and deformational history of the metamorphic sole of the Oman ophiolite: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 4895-4907.
    
    
  • Formation of continental crust in the Chugach Mountains, Alaska
    Archetypal examples of the formation of continental crust from oceanic materials.
    
    • 102. Hacker, B.R., L. Mehl, P.B. Kelemen, M. Rioux, M.D. Behn, and P. Luffi, 2008 Reconstruction of the Talkeetna intra-oceanic arc of Alaska through thermobarometry, Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 113, doi:10.1029/2007JB005208.
    • 97. Rioux, M., Hacker, B.R., Mattinson, J., Kelemen, P., Blusztajn, J., and Gehrels, G., 2007. The magmatic development of an intra-oceanic crustal section: High-precision U-Pb zircon and whole rock isotopic analyses from the accreted Talkeetna arc, south-central Alaska. Geological Society of America Bulletin v. 119, p. 1168–1184.
    • 74. Mehl, L., Hacker, B.R., Hirth, G., and Kelemen, P.B., 2003, Arc-parallel flow within the mantle wedge: Evidence from the accreted Talkeetna arc, south central Alaska. Journal of Geophysical Research, 08(B8), 2375, doi: 10.1029/2002JB002233.
    • 67. Kelemen, P.B., Parmentier, E.M., Rilling, J., Mehl, L., and Hacker, B.R., 2003, Thermal convection in the mantle wedge beneath subduction-related magmatic arcs.American Geophysical Union Monograph, v. 138, p. 293-311.
    
    
  • Core Complexes
    Stress, strain rate, and temperatures during core complex formation.
    
    • 78. Bröcker, M., Bieling, D., Hacker, B.R., and P. Gans, P.B., 2004, High-Si phengites record the time of greenschist-facies overprinting: a Rb-Sr and ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar study of marbles from the Cyclades, Greece. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 22, p. 427-442.
    • 27. Lee, J., Miller, M.M., Crippen, R., Hacker, B.R., and Ledesma, J.V., 1996, Middle Miocene extension in the Gulf Extensional Province, Baja California: Evidence from the southern Sierra Juarez. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, pp. 505-525.
    • 13. Hacker, B.R., Yin, A., Christie, J. M., and Davis, G.A., 1992, Rheology of extended middle crust inferred from quartz grain sizes in the Whipple Mountains, California: Tectonics, v. 11, p. 36-46.
    • 6. Hacker, B.R., Yin, A., Christie, J. M., and Snoke, A.W., 1990, Differential stress, strain rate, and temperatures of mylonitization in the Ruby Mountains: implications for the rate and duration of uplift: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 8569-8580.
    
    
  • Ophiolitic and Arc Rocks of the Klamath Mountains, Sierra Nevada and Alps
    Archetypal examples of the formation of continental crust from oceanic materials.
    
    • 107. Baron, D., Miller, D., Negrini, R., McGuire, M., Huggins, C., Minner, M., Hacker, B.R., Sarna-Wojcicki, S., Meyer, C., Fleck, R.J., and Reid, S.A., 1998, New upper age constraint on the Kern River Formation. in Reid, T., Outcrops of the Eastern San Joaquin Basin, San Joaquin Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook, pp. 23-31.
    • 75. Ratschbacher, L.R., Dingeldey, C., Miller, C., Hacker, B.R., and McWilliams, M.O., 2004, Formation, subduction, and exhumation of Penninic oceanic crust in the Eastern Alps: time constraints from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. Tectonophysics, v. 394, p. 155-170.
    • 54. Fagan, T.J., Day, H.W., Hacker, B.R., Timing of arc construction and metamorphism in the Slate Creek Complex, northern Sierra Nevada, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 113, p. 1105-1118.
    • 41. Dilek, Y., Thy, P., Hacker, B., and Grundvig, S., 1999, Structure and Petrology of Tauride Ophiolites and Mafic Dike Intrusions (Turkey): Implications for the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, p. 1192-1216.
    • 40. Miller, D., Negrini, R., McGuire, M., Huggins, C., Minner, M., Hacker, B.R., Sarna-Wojcicki, S., Meyer, C., Fleck, R.J., and Reid, S.A., 1998, New upper age constraint on the Kern River Formation. in Reid, T., Outcrops of the Eastern San Joaquin Basin, San Joaquin Geological Society Field Trip Guidebook, pp. 23-31.
    • 22. Hacker, B.R., Donato, M.M., Barnes, C.G., McWilliams, M.O., and Ernst, W.G., 1995, Timescales of orogeny: Jurassic construction of the Klamath Mountains: Tectonics, v. 14, pp. 677-703.
    • 23. Barnes, C.G., Donato, M.M., Barnes, M.A., Yule, J.D., Hacker, B.R., Helper, M.A., 1995, Geochemical compositions of metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, Western Jurassic and Western Paleozoic and Triassic belts, Klamath Mountains, Oregon and California. USGS OFR 95-227-A, 63 pp.
    • 17. Hacker, B.R., and Ernst, W.G., 1993, Jurassic orogeny in the Klamath Mountains: A geochronological analysis, Mesozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States-II, Pacific Section SEPM, v. 71, p. 31-60.
    • 16. Hacker, B.R., Ernst, W.G., and McWilliams, M.O., 1993, Genesis and evolution of a Permian-Jurassic magmatic arc and accretionary wedge, and reevaluation of the terrane concept in the Klamath Mountains: Tectonics, v. 12, 387-409.
    • 15. Hacker, B.R., 1993, Evolution of the northern Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt: Petrological, structural, and Ar/Ar constraints: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 637-656.
    • 12. Hacker, B.R., Ernst, W.G., and Barton, M.D., 1992, Metamorphism, geochemistry, and origin of magnesian volcanic rocks, Klamath Mountains, California: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 10, p. 55-69.
    • 9. Ernst, W.G., Hacker, B.R., Barton, M.D., and Sen, G., 1991, Igneous petrogenesis of magnesian metavolcanic rocks from the WTrPz belt, central Klamath Mountains, northern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 56-72.
    • 4. Hacker, B.R., and Peacock, S.M., 1990, Comparison of the Central Metamorphic Belt and Trinity Complex of the Klamath Mountains and the Feather River Terrane of the Sierra Nevada, Geological Society of America Special Paper 255, 75-92.
    • 3. Hacker, B.R., and Goodge, J.W., 1990, Comparison of Early Mesozoic high-pressure rocks in the Klamath Mountains and Sierra Nevada, Geological Society of America Special Paper 255, 277-296.
    • 1. Edelman, S.H., Day, H.W., Moores, E.M., Zigan, S.M., Murphy, T.P., and Hacker, B.R., 1989, Structure across a Mesozoic ocean-continent suture zone in the northern Sierra Nevada, California: GSA Special Paper 224, 56 p.

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  Other Publications

  • Hacker, B.R. (editor), 1998, Caves of Gunung Buda 1997. Good Earth Press, Santa Cruz, CA, 65 pp.
  • Hacker, B.R. (editor), 1996, Caves of Gunung Buda. Good Earth Press, Santa Cruz, CA, 55 pp.
  • Rose, C., Hacker, B.R., Anders, R., Withey, K., Metzler, M., Chernicoff, S., Espinosa, C., Averill, A., Davis, B., and Howard, B., 1985, Inside Macintosh Volume I: Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley, 550 p.
  • Rose, C., Hacker, B.R., Anders, R., Withey, K., Metzler, M., Chernicoff, S., Espinosa, C., Averill, A., Davis, B., and Howard, B., 1985, Inside Macintosh Volume II: Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley, 429 p.
  • Rose, C., Hacker, B.R., Anders, R., Withey, K., Metzler, M., Chernicoff, S., Espinosa, C., Averill, A., Davis, B., and Howard, B., 1985, Inside Macintosh Volume III: Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley, 281 p.
  • Hacker, B.R., 1983, Apple /// Pascal Technical Reference Manual: Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, California, 168 pp.
  • Hacker, B.R., 1982, Imagewriter User's Manual: Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, California, 120 p.
  • Hacker, B.R., 1980, Apple /// Apple Business BASIC Reference Manual: Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, California, c. 300 p.
  • Hacker, B.R., 1979, The Silentype Operation and Reference Manual: Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, California, c. 100 p.
  • Hacker, B.R., 1978, The Cashier: Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, California, c. 100 p.

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  Some material based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.